If some people from your past are going to say you're a boring A-hole, you don't need to bring that up. Stay positive, always, and maybe have a few specific quotes in mind.
What major challenges and problems did you face? How did you handle them? With this question, the interviewer is trying to understand how you handle issues and problems.
This is a useful free ebook for you: mmafighter Have you ever had a problem with your peer? Can you give us an example? I was quite friendly with a colleague of mine from the other department.
While talking to him during the lunch hour, I casually told him about the new marketing strategy that the marketing team was thinking about. He mentioned it to his boss and that caused a lot of confusion between the two departments. This taught me a lesson that you must not discuss any departmental strategies with anyone from other department unless you have been authorised by your boss.
Do you want to go back a high school body? How will you achieve your goals? Basing on this question the interviewer wants to know how you plan on achieving your goals for the future and what you are going to accomplish. Free ebook: 25 Fujifilm interview questions with answers pdf ebook Who was your best boss?
What to do from the advice of good ones and what not to do from the challenging ones. From the beginning of my job, a mentor assisted me a lot, and now we still keep in touch. Truly speaking, I have learned something from each boss that I have worked for. This is a useful material for you: BasketballSecrets Have you worked with someone you didn't like? If so, how did you handle it? Tips to answer: This is a trap question!
Speaking negatively about other people will show you as an unreliable character. Stay professional and be diplomatic. Sample answer: Not really. I believe that when disagreements occur, the matters can be taken up with the concerned person and be immediately solved.
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Tell me about yourself? It seems like an easy interview question. What the hiring manager really wants is a quick, two- to three-minute snapshot of who you are and why you're the best candidate for this position. So as you answer this question, talk about what you've done to prepare yourself to be the very best candidate for the position.
Then ask if they would like more details. If they do, keep giving them example after example of your background and experience. Always point back to an example when you have the opportunity. Just tell me what makes you the best and fit the job requirements. For more details, pls visit: InterviewQuestions Or what are your career goals?
Please visit: TattooDesigns Have a look at their business strategy or corporate objectives before the interview, and explain how you can help in achieving them. What is your greatest weakness? It is also the most dreaded question of all. Handle it by minimizing your weakness and emphasizing your strengths. Stay away from personal qualities and concentrate on professional traits: "I am always working on improving my communication skills to be a more effective presenter.
I recently joined Toastmasters, which I find very helpful. What is your greatest strength? This is your time to shine. Just remember the interviewer is looking for work related strengths.
Mention a number of them such as being a good motivator, problem solver, performing well under pressure, being loyal, having a positive attitude, eager to learn, taking initiative and attention to detail. Whichever you go for, be prepared to give examples that illustrate this particular skill. Why did you leave your last job? Here you will need to be careful as there are many possible answers you could use, just remember to NEVER talk negatively about any prior or current employer to a potential employer.
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This is a differentiation question. What you want to tell them is: they'd be crazy not to they hire you. Focus on them: You need to only share how you meet almost all the criteria they seek, and also have two to three additional abilities that they might not even know they need…yet. They need to know you are a candidate who can not only meet their needs now, but will also be valuable for where they want to go in the future.
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You can help out with those deliverables until they find someone or be a backup to the person they hire. Have you been down a path already that they are currently starting? What is your greatest accomplishment? The fact is you may have several accomplishments you could pick from. Pick one that will have the most impact.
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What are your salary expectations? When completing your preparations for the interview, always have this question in the back of your mind. Have a look at the average salary for someone in this industry, area, and who possesses similar skills to yourself, and you should get a basic idea.
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During the next few years, Koch continued to play up his tough, enforcement-oriented approach to improving conditions in the city. Al- though sanitation services and police enforcement continued to be en- hanced, conditions failed to improve. Instead, the advent of widespread homelessness besieged the city and further degraded social and aesthetic conditions. The term quality of life reemerged as the shibboleth of his enemies on the left and right.
Many middle-class New Yorkers contin- ued to complain about the loss of services and the impact of homeless- ness on their daily lives.
Manhattan real estate, in particular, has become such a hot market that the sheer mag- nitude of the money involved appears to overwhelm any balanced value system. For overdevelopment brings with it real costs: the loss of air and light, wear and tear on urban infrastructure, pedestrian and vehicle gridlock, and the inability of sanitation and transport services to keep up with demands.
While Koch tried to ad- dress the concerns raised by all constituencies, he was both unable to do so and not totally committed to the task. He is running against the fiscal crisis of that era, since it provides a better benchmark for his tenure than the mounting problems of schools, subways, crack, street crime and homelessness. You wanna [sic] go back to the old days? New Yorkers and the liberal New York Times, however, were not satisfied with that approach, and Koch lost the Democratic primary to David Dinkins, who then won the general election.
Dinkins did not present a plan for police coverage. Nor did he discuss jobs or the economy, cleaner streets, safer subways, improved management, lower taxes or tougher treatment for criminals, as the other candidates have. He tried, however, to downplay it and its appeal to the middle classes and instead to focus on the needs of more disadvantaged groups. After winning the election, Dinkins tried to back away from using the term. But he was unable to do so because it had become so central a part of the political lexicon that even a longtime liberal like Ruth Mes- singer, the new Manhattan borough president and Dinkins ally, con- vened a quality-of-life task force to address the public impact of home- lessness as well as noise and sanitation problems.
But for me it is best exemplified by a happy, healthy baby or by a teen-ager with a diploma in hand and a sparkle in the eye. The first was his Safe Streets—Safe City Program, which provided for a dramatic increase in the number of police officers and social ser- vices paid for by a series of new, dedicated taxes.
But these measures also continued to appeal to social programs as the true long-term solution to these problems. This emphasis on slow-moving social rehabilitation efforts, however, left Dinkins vulnerable to a quality-of-life proponent who forcefully em- braced middle-class concerns about crime and disorder and disdained the efforts of social workers and government bureaucrats. The first contains the fol- lowing quotation from Giuliani, and the second was described in detail by the New York Times: Some people call this an outer borough.
I call it part of the heart and soul of New York City. I was born in Brooklyn, lived in Queens, went to school in the Bronx, lived in Manhattan. We have to listen more to the people who live in these neighborhoods in New York City; we have to listen to them when they tell us about the deterioration of the school system. And we have to fight back to make the New York City public schools the best in the country again. We have to listen to them when they tell us they want a higher quality of life, a cleaner city, a better city, a city that draws more business and has more jobs.
We have to listen to them when they tell us that the city is crushing the small businesses of New York City. The themes, Mr. Dinkins on the defensive about the state of the city he presides over.
Do you really believe that crime is down? Are you going to have to have a searchlight to walk in the streets and to step over the bodies of the homeless who need help? The well-being of the poor and the homeless is of no concern, and the homeless are to be swept up for the benefit of the rest of the city.
At the same time that this policy was put in place, the mayor began to reduce support for housing and treatment programs. The other major quality-of-life development during the early part of this administration was in policing. The latter was passed in September Tough love from social service providers and increased enforcement by police placed homeless people in a world full of punitive sanctions. The message was loud and clear. The way to improve the quality of life of the middle and upper classes was to make the lives of homeless peo- ple untenable in public spaces.
Solving homelessness was not the goal; rather, the goal was reducing the visible impact of homelessness on the rest of the city. Instead, its origins can be traced through a series of academic works on urban disorder and crime, on changing concep- tions of the urban crisis by local and national politicians, and on how the mass media portrayed the crisis and its solutions. Eventually, these different groups and their approaches began to cohere around a consis- tent set of ideas and practices that attempted to overcome the contradic- tions of the urban liberal paradigm.
During the s, a number of academics tried to explain the rise of disorder and crime in American cities and suggested ways of reducing it. Their theories were based on the idea that public civility had declined because of a reduction in the ability of urban neighborhoods to enforce standards of behavior both formally and informally. The solution there- fore was to find new mechanisms of social control centered more on the problematic behaviors and less on the structural factors contributing to the overall urban crisis.
They pointed out that when someone knocks the glass out of a window and the win- dow is quickly repaired, there is unlikely to be further vandalism. But if the window is not repaired, then it is seen as a fair target, and soon all the windows are smashed.
Similarly, if a neighborhood is able to en- force behavior standards against minor disorders, more serious prob- lems will be unlikely to develop. Conversely, if the disorders are left un- checked, the neighborhood will be viewed as unregulated, and more se- rious disorders will ensue, leading to higher numbers of serious crimes and a further surrendering of the public space to disorderly people. Communities that failed to establish a strong public moral order were likely to be besieged by crime.
In ef- fect, Skogan reversed the s argument that unchecked poverty gen- erates crime to maintain that unchecked crime generates poverty. Since the populations of many urban neighborhoods are di- verse, the standards for proper behavior are often contested. In the situ- ations that Skogan looked at, he noted that the prevailing views tended to be those of whites more than those of people of color, and those of homeowners more than those of renters.
As it stands now, the group making this determination is the police department, which generally lacks the mechanisms and institutions for adjudicating complex cultural and moral conflicts within communities.
Moreover, the police have his- torical biases that favor merchants and longtime homeowners as legiti- mate spokespeople for community standards. They argue that where order-maintenance activities have started with good problem-solving research and are tailored to the specific dynamics of the problem, they have been successful. They point out that community concerns must be prioritized in this process, first because the earlier failure to acknowledge these concerns has contrib- uted to suburban flight and second because communities are crucial sources of information about the nature and sources of local disorder and crime.
The case of Baltimore is especially instructive. Kelling and Coles de- scribe two different order-maintenance initiatives there. The residents of the Boyde Booth neighborhood were faced with a major crime problem more than a mi- nor disorder problem. The result was a decrease in drug dealing and violent crime and an increase in community drug treatment resources: a clear case of a successful community—police anti- crime effort.
The focus was on dealing with ongoing serious crime much more than on campaigning against disorderly behavior. There can be no question that widespread drug dealing makes neigh- borhoods more dangerous and less stable economically and socially.
In each of these cases, they concen- trate on unsightly and menacing behavior that is dealt with through new punitive measures that reduce the civil liberties of a specific seg- ment of society. Removing the homeless by restricting access to and ac- tivities allowed in public parks, using the police to forcibly remove homeless people from shopping areas, and criminalizing sleeping, pan- handling, and sitting on the sidewalk are very different from consis- tently enforcing existing laws against drug dealing and violent crime.
In addition, the downtown areas of San Francisco and Seattle did not have serious crime problems, despite the prevalence of disorderly behavior. But as homeless- ness increased, Kelling was repeatedly asked to help cities and police de- partments apply the theory to homelessness.
The most important exam- ple of this is when Kelling was hired in to work with William Bratton, who was then the chief of the New York City Transit Police, to develop new rules designed to remove homeless people from the subway system. However, this theory lacks as well a political and economic context for its analysis. It does not attempt to address the changing economic reali- ties of urban residents who were on the losing side of the growing eco- nomic polarization. In addition, little empirical evidence has been gath- ered to support its assertions.
A major study in Chicago by sociologists Robert Sampson and Stephen Raudenbush questioned the basic connec- tion between disorder and crime that the theory posits. They observed 23, streets segments in neighborhoods and found that physical and social disorder were poor predictors of crime rates.
Instead, the de- gree of poverty in a neighborhood turned out to be a much more accu- rate indicator of crime rates, thus reestablishing the presence of poverty as a major factor in the level of crime. Amitai Etzioni contends that the excessive concern with individual liberty stemming from the s counterculture hampered the ability of communities to regulate themselves.
Many of these communities re- sponded by developing new, community-centered or communitarian concerns. It raises the same concerns as the broken windows theory does. Who decides on the appropriate community standards? If a majority of residents in ever more local areas are given increased con- trol, then how will the rights of minorities be protected? Local neighborhoods and residents lose their sense of connection to the fate of the city as a whole, focusing instead on their neighborhood, their block, their front doorstep, without seeing how the conditions in these ever more local spaces are inextricably tied to the overall condition of the city.
Urban Neoconservatism The most common explanation of the decline of liberalism has been offered by neoconservatives with roots in the urban liberal tradition. Jim Sleeper claims that liberals allowed race- based politics to divide the city and erode universal standards of civility and accountability. But at the same time, he points out the crucial role that social workers, teachers, and the police have played in teach- ing each generation of new immigrants the values of liberal capitalism.
He notes, however, that this system broke down during the s as a result of the political separatism of blacks and the willingness of liberal politicians to allow them to pursue this identity-based political strategy at the expense of advancing the universalizing project of liberalism. The problem affected the rest of the city through crime and social disorder in the form of increased citywide crime rates, graffiti, homelessness, and a growing tax burden to finance welfare and other social programs.
By the time of the mayoral campaign. Every- where it seemed, were the encroachments of the drug economy, of roaming packs of violent youths, and of the homeless and mentally helpless, human wreckage which no one knew how to repair. He points to the Central Park jogger case of in which a group of black boys were convicted falsely, as it later turned out of raping a white woman in the park, after which many blacks defended the boys and claimed that the event never hap- pened.
The flip side was the case of Tawana Brawley, in which the young black girl accused the police of kidnapping and raping her. In this case, some black leaders, such as Rev. Al Sharpton, rushed to echo her claims without sufficient evidence the case was dropped on those grounds.
For Sleeper, these incidents show that the black community was tolerating indefensible behaviors on the grounds that they were the result of long-standing racial antagonism. This analogy was extended to minor incivilities such as graffiti and squeegee men because society was supposedly morally paralyzed by unresolved racial conflict.
For Sleeper, the root of urban decline is not the increased impover- ishment of urban minorities due to economic reorganization and gov- ernment retrenchment, the ongoing problems of racial discrimination, or the decline in public schools.
Instead, the problem is a lack of tough- ness by urban liberals to force the socially and economically marginal to play by the rules of liberal capitalism: to pursue the American dream and be civil members of the society. This echoed the antiurban, antipoor rhetoric of conservatives at the national level. This rhetoric was invariably racialized. Crime and welfare became synonymous with urban minorities, even though most criminals and welfare recipients are white. Conservative discourse about homelessness was shaped by this pattern of racializa- tion and criminalization.
Homeless people were portrayed as lazy, men- tally defective, or criminal. As examples of this process, he points to the explosion of welfare rolls and the tolerance of extreme Black Nationalism in the Ocean Hills—Brownsville schools con- flict in New York.
It was the gang of toughs exacting their daily tribute in the coin of hu- miliation. It was the threats and hostile gestures of the mentally ill making their homes in the parks. It was the provocation of pushers and prostitutes plying their trade with impunity.
These were the visible signs of cities out of control. The social movements of this period favored the pursuit of individual desire over communitarian im- pulses, resulting in a behavioral free-for-all. The result of these deci- sions by liberals was an increase in economic dependency and moral de- regulation that threatened to undermine the basic social order of New York and other major cities. Siegel contends that the way to revitalize cities is by applying tough love measures to the socially and economically marginalized.
Sleeper and Siegel continue to approve of those aspects of liberalism that attempt to universalize human experience and create a coherent and stable society in which a certain amount of diversity and competi- tion can flourish. It is a kind of social contract in which certain ground rules must be established before the competitive aspects of capitalism and democracy can operate.
Conclusion The quality-of-life paradigm is a complex set of practices and ideas about how to best handle homelessness and public disorder.
As such, it united academic theorists, po- lice reformers, community activists, business leaders, and neoconserva- tive politicians. The media also played an important role in constructing the paradigm. Historically liberal newspapers like the New York Times picked up on the term quality of life and wielded it as a broad critique of urban liberalism.
As we will see in chapter 7, neoconservative politi- cians responded to this dynamic and used the ideas behind the new par- adigm to construct a new political coalition that was able to unseat ur- ban liberal politicians in New York City. With the election of Mayor Giuliani, New York was transformed from having some of the most progressive homeless policies in the coun- try to having some of the most regressive.
Instead of developing housing and social services, Giuliani became concerned with creating a series of punitive measures designed to reduce the public impact of homelessness, rather than solving the problems of homeless people.
Urban liberalism is not so much a label that any particular politician consciously wears. Rather, it is a coherent set of policy tendencies that can be seen in the practices of many urban mayors from the s through the s. In general, however, I focus on the later two adminis- trations, since it is during this period that the full contradictions of this political philosophy emerge.
I look at urban liberalism because the new quality-of-life philosophy is a direct response to it. The economic and social policies of urban lib- eralism helped accelerate the urban problems associated with the de- cline of public order in the s and then failed to address them ade- quately. The issue that best exemplifies this process is homelessness, which is both a product of the contradictions of urban liberalism and a visible symptom of the inability of urban lib- erals to resolve the public disorder crisis that drove the backlash politics of the s.
This sentiment can be seen in the comments of lower Manhattan resident Richard Brookhiser, who argued in an editorial for the New York Times that liberal politicians and residents had failed to take seriously the rise of homelessness and disorder.
New York liberals—decent and agreeable people—do not seem to be- lieve that their way of life merits deference or support. Instead, the answer is to take concrete action to clean the streets and worry about the long-term problems after order has been restored. The fact that few of these services actually existed was irrele- vant. Rather, the point was to communicate to the public that people were homeless by choice and that they needed punitive sanctions to change their behaviors rather than the bleeding-heart compassion of ur- ban liberals.
The Urban Liberal Paradigm The first element of the urban liberal paradigm is the belief that gov- ernment planning and coordination is the key to resolving social prob- lems. Building on the New Deal tradition, urban liberals felt that the best strategy for reducing poverty and other social problems was to rely on the power of the state. Urban liberals supported higher minimum wage laws, improved wel- fare state transfer payments, and broader access to health and social services.
First, in order to make government function more effectively, urban liberals felt they had to rely on experts for comprehensive planning on a wide range of subjects. One implication of this reliance on experts is that it creates an elitist orientation that denies the input of local groups in the formation of so- cial policy priorities, which also undercuts their connection to a grass- roots constituency.
For information about subordinators, see Chapter Others The transition signals in this group include nouns such as example, adjectives such as additional, prepositions such as in addition to, verbs such as cause, and adverbs such as too. There are no punctuation rules for tlns group, but it is important to notice what kinds of words follow these signals. An additional reason for the company's bankruptcy was the lack of competent management.
Additional is an adjective, so it is followed by a noun. In addition to increased competition, the lack of competent management caused the company's bankruptcy. In addition to is a preposition, so it is followed by a noun or noun phrase. Step 1 Circle all the transition signals in the following paragraphs.
Step 2 Punctuate the transition signals if necessary. Recognizing Transition Signals Genetic3 Engineering Genetic research has produced both exciting and frightening possibilities.
Scientists are now able to create new forms of life in the laboratory because of the development of gene splicing.
One beneficial application of gene splicing is in agriculture. For example researchers have engineered a more nutritious type of rice that could help alleviate the serious problem of vitamin A deficiency. It is estimated that million children worldwide lack vitamin A, putting them at risk of permanent blindness and other health issues. In addition genetic engineers have created larger fish, frost-resistant strawberries, and cows that produce more milk.
Indeed agriculture has already benefited from the promise of genetic engineering. A dependent clause always begins with a subordinator.
Some people feel that it could have terrible consequences. In fact a type of corn engineered to kill a certain insect pest also threatened to annihilate l desirable monarch butterflies. In another accident, a genetically engineered type of corn that was approved only for animal consumption because it was toxic to humans accidentally cross-pollinated with corn grown for humans. As a result many countries banned imports of genetically modified corn for several years.
Furthermore the ability to clone human beings is a possibility that frightens many people. In , two South Korean scientists reported that they had successfully cloned a human embryo Dreifus. CT1CE 1 A. Write the signal Choosing in the space. Add punctuation and change capital letters to small letters if Transition Signals necessary. Note: All the transition signals in this practice are transition phrases and conjunctive adverbs. This is to give you more practice in using and punctuating these types of transition signals correctly.
A recent article in Era magazine suggested ways to reduce inflation. The article suggested that the president reduce the federal budget ; furthermore , it suggested that the government reduce federal, state, and local taxes. The same article said that the causes of inflation were easy to find the cure for inflation was not so easy to prescribe.
Era also suggested that rising wages were one of the primary causes of inflation the government should take action to control wages.
In physics, the weight of an object is the gravitational force 3 with which Earth attracts it; , if a man weighs pounds, this means that Earth pulls him down with a force of pounds. The farther away from Earth a person is, the less the gravitational force of Earth.
A tsunami is a tidal wave produced by an earthquake on the ocean floor. Fill in each blank: with an appropriate transition signal from the list provided.
Use each signal only once. Add punctuation if necessary. It sometimes seems true that for North Americans, time seems as valuable as money. You can have time, buy time, and take time. One wonders how much it costs and where it is taken.
The 8 proof is that these poor people sometimes take courses in time management! That is really overdoing it, don't you agree? Improve the coherence of the following paragraph by adding transitions in the blank spaces. Use the hints provided in parentheses to help you choose a transition. Move Over, DVD.
Here Comes BD! First, CDs brought digital sound into our homes. Then OVO technology brought digital sound and video and revolutionized the movie industry.
Soon there will be 1 additional idea revolution: 8lu-ray discs 80s. A 8lu-ray disc will have several advantages. A single-sided OVO can hold 4. A single- sided 80, 3 contrast , can hold up to 27 gigabytes, enough for 13 hours of standard video.
A double-layer BO can store about 50 gigabytes, enough for 4. The cost will be about the same. Use transition signals to connect the supporting sentences smoothly. You '-'Using Transition may use the transition signals suggested for each topic, or you may use others not Signals listed. Add other sentences without transitions if you need to in order to explain the topic completely. Sentence 1. There are four noticeable differences between British and American English.
You may, of course, use your own if you wish. Sometimes I enjoy being alone. Are you using too many transition signals? Too many can be distracting rather than helpful. There is no rule about how many to use in one paragraph. Use them only when they will help your reader follow your ideas. Which ones are helpful to the reader? Which transition signals are an unnecessary distraction? Too Many Transition Step 1 Improve the paragraph by deleting some transition signals.
You may 5ignals want to rewrite sentences, and you may have to change the capitalization and punctuation. Step 2 There are many possible ways to do this assignment. Discuss your changes with a partner or in a group. How to Grow an Avocado Tree l After you have enjoyed the delicious taste of an avocado, do not throw out the seed! You can grow a beautiful houseplant or even your own tree by following these simple steps. First, wash the seed.
Second, dry it. Third, insert three toothpicks into its thickest part. Then fill a glass or empty jar with water. After that, suspend the seed in the water with the pointed end up and the broad end down. The water should cover about an inch of the seed. Next, putjhe glass in a warm place, but not in direct sunlight. Add water when necessary to keep the bottom of the seed under water at all times. In two to six weeks, you should see roots begin to grow.
Furthermore, the seed will crack open, and then a stem will emerge from the top. However, wait until the stem is 6 to 7 inches long. Then cut it back to about 3 inches. Now wait until the roots are thick and the stem has leafed out again. Then fill an 8- to inch diameter clay pot with enriched potting soil. Plant the seed, leaving the top half exposed. Then water it well. After that, water frequently but lightly; also give the plant an occasional deep soaking.
However, do not overwater your little tree. Yellow leaves are a sign of too much water. Then place the potted plant in a sunny window and watch it grow. The more sunlight, the better; Then, when the stem is 12 inches high, cut it back to 6 inches to encourage the growth of side branches. In just a few more weeks, you will have a beautiful indoor plant. In conclusion, enjoy your new plant, but do not expect it to bear fruit. Avocados grown from seed occasionally flower and bear fruit; however, first you will have to plant it outside and then wait anywhere from five to thirteen years.
I"Grow Your Own Tree. Your choice of one kind of logical order over another will, of course, depend on your topic and your purpose. You may even combine two or more different logical orders in the same paragraph. The important point to remember is to arrange your ideas in some kind of order that is logical to a reader accustomed to the English way of writing. The model paragraph on how to grow an avocado tree page 33 uses time order to organize the steps. The model paragraph about gold on page 3 uses logical division.
First, it discusses gold's beauty, and second its utility. The paragraph about synonyms on page 5 compares and contrasts word meanings.
Be able Recognizing to discuss the reasons for your choice. Circle all transition signals. Kinds of "Logical Order Paragraph 1 The process of machine translation of languages is complex.
To translate a document from English into Japanese, for example, the computer first analyzes an English sentence, determining its grammatical structure and identifying the subject, verb, objects, and modifiers. Next, the words are translated by an English-Japanese dictionary.
After that, another part of the computer program analyzes the resulting awkward jumble' of words and meanings and produces an intelligible sentence based on the rules of Japanese syntax 2 and the machine's understanding of what the original English sentence meant. Finally, a human bilingual editor polishes the computer-produced translation. French meetings, for example, are long and rambling 3 and rarely end on time. Furthermore, meetings often end without closure. Another difference involves documentation.
North Americans adore documentation; they have a procedure manual for everything. The French, in contrast, think this is childish.
French managers find it difficult to stick to a schedule, but U. In addition, the French prefer to work alone, whereas North Americans like to work in teams. Another major difference in management style is that in French companies, authority comes from the top; French managers do not share information with subordinates and make decisions with little participation by employees beneath them.
In about B. There were more than 60 days missing from the calendar, so very soon the calendar did not match the seasons at all. Spring arrived when the calendar said that it was still winter. A few decades later, the Romans added the months of January and February to the end of the year. This calendar lasted about years. Then in 46 B. His calendar had days, with one day added every fourth year.
He also moved the beginning of the year to January 1, and he renamed a month for himself: Julius July. In Caesar's calendar, February had 29 days. The very next emperor, Augustus, not only renamed a month for himself August , but he also took one day from February and added it to August so that "his" month would be just as long as Caesar's. This calendar worked better than the previous ones, but it still was not perfect. By , the first calendrical day of spring was 10 days too early, so in , Pope Gregory XIII, the leader of the Roman Catholic religion, made a small change to make the calendar more accurate.
In the Gregorian calendar, the year is still Marin Independent Joumal30 Nov. The first kind of calendar is the lunar calendar, based on the phases of the moon. A month is calculated as the time between two full moons, The Islamic calendar used in Muslim countries is a lunar calendar. It has 12 months and a cycle of 30 years in which the 2nd, 5th, 7th, 10th, 13th, 16th, 18th, 21 st, 24th, 26th, and 29th years have days, and the others days.
A second kind of calendar is the solar calendar, which is based on the revolution of Earth around the sun. The ancient Egyptians used a solar calendar divided into 12 months of 30 days each, which left 5 uncounted days at the end of each year. A very accurate calendar developed by the Mayan Indians in North America was also a solar calendar. It had days, of which were divided into 28 weeks of 13 days each.
The new year began on the th day. Because the solar year is exactly days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, and 46 seconds long, however, a solar calendar is not totally accurate, so many cultures developed a third kind of calendar, the lunisolar calendar. In a lunisolar calendar, extra days are added every so often to reconcile!
The Chinese, Hebrew, and Gregorian calendars used today are lunisolar calendars. Every good paragraph has both unity and coherence. There are different types of transition signals. Each type is punctuated differently. Leap D 29th, the extra day added every four years to put th nch with the solar year. Eng and. Accor ing to this xplanation, pe p there thought that because eap Day existed to fix a pro em in the calend r, It could also be used to fix-em old and unjust practice.
In , the custo became an actual law in Scotland. Not only did the Scottish law allow wome to propose on any day during a Leap. Whatever its origins, the tradition of women taking the initiative one day a year lives on in Sadie Hawkins Day celebrations held in many communities in the United States even today.
Writing Practice Step 1 Choose one of the topics suggested and write a paragraph that is 10 to 15 sentences in length. Focus on giving your paragraph unity and Unity and Coherence coherence. Follow the steps in the writing process. See Appendix A. Step 2 After you have completed your first draft, use Self-Editing Worksheet 2 on page Revise your paragraph and write a second draft if necessary.
Step 3 Exchange papers with a classmate and check each other's paragraph using Peer-Editing Worksheet 2 on page After your classmate has completed the checklist, discuss it and decide what changes you should make. Step 5 Hand in your first draft, your second draft, your final copy, and the page containing the two editing worksheets.
Topic Suggestions The influence of birth order on personality One or two place s a visitor to your country should not miss The disadvantages of being left-handed A fad, fashion, or activity of your generation that drives an older generation crazy An interesting custom or special celebration from your culture PRACTI CE 13 Choose one of the topics listed below and write a well-organized paragraph.
Try to use a specific example to support your Writing under topic sentence. You get these kinds of supporting details from outside sources such as books, magazines, newspapers, Web sites, personal interviews, and so on.
Opinions First, it is important to distinguish between facts and opinions. Opinions are sub- jective statements based on a person's beliefs or attitudes.
Men are better drivers than women. Smoking is a bad habit. English is an easy language to learn. Part 1 I Writing a Paragraph Opinions are not acceptable as support. It is certainly acceptable to express opinions in academic writing.
In fact, most professors want you to express your own ideas. However, you may not use an opinion as support, and if you express an opinion, you must support it with facts. Facts are objective statements of truths. At sea level, water boils at degrees Celsius. Women live longer than men. Cigarettes are addictive. Sometimes even facts need proof. While all three statements above are facts, the last two need proof.
Your readers may not believe that women live longer than men, or they may not agree that cigarettes are addictive. You have to use specific suppOli- ing details to prove that these statements are true facts. Kinds of specific supporting details include examples, statistics, and quotations. The first three have been done for you as examples. F-NP 1. People who steal identities do a lot of damage before their victims become aware of it. The writer could give an example of a person who was victilnized before noticing it.
Punishment for identity thieves is not severe enough. The writer could give an example of a typical punishment. Identity theft is more serious than any other type of theft.
Identity theft is increasing at a rapid pace. In , 31, cases of identity theft were reported to the Federal Trade Commission FTC ; in , the number was , Most people do not report identity theft to the police. In , 60 percent of identity theft victims did not notify the police, according to the FTC. Identity theft happens to ordinary people, not just to the wealthy. As grocery clerk Sue Jamison reported, "My wallet was stolen, and within a week, the thieves had ordered an expensive cell phone package, applied for a VISA credit card, and received a PIN from the Department of Motor Vehicles to change my driving record online.
It is easy for a thief to use the U. Great book, What If? Your Rating:. Your Comment:.
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